borderline personality disorder quiz
2022 Mighty Proud Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Lana Bandoim is a science writer and editor with more than a decade of experience covering complex health topics. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. What can borderline personality disorder be mistaken for? Umatilla, FL 32784. The only thing is I dont think it should be ten simple questions. 2023 The Recovery Village Drug and Alcohol Rehab All Rights Reserved. Is Borderline Personality Disorder Underdiagnosed? Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 8(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00162-w, 7 Grilo, C. M., & Udo, T. (2021). This can affect many areas of a person's life. This quiz is designed to help give you some idea about whether or not you may be a psychopath. July is BIPOC Mental Health Awareness Month, and we stand with you. Learn more about the complex blend of factors that cause BPD. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Do you have trouble controlling your anger? Although this, or no self -test, is conclusive, if you answered YES to two or more of the above quest ions, you may be suffering from a Borderline Personality Disorder and should contact an iTherapyRX counselor or another health care pro fessional . 1 2 About 1.6% of the population has BPD. If you have high functioning BPD aka quiet BPD you may try to hide your symptoms from others. Our free Big 5 personality test measures your personality. It only takes a few minutes to sign up. Plus, four ASMR YouTubers, With decades of data from studying real couples, Dr. John Gottman's predictors of divorce are 93% accurate. Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. #MightyTogether. Teen Counseling is an online therapy service for teens and young adults. Let us know in the comments below! We're bending an ear to what experts say about ASMR (autonomous sensory meridian response) sounds and your mental health. By contrast, antisocial personality disorder is characterized by the externalization of emotions and a greater tendency toward physical outbursts. This test can help you determine if you may havesymptoms of borderline personality disorder. This online borderline personality disorder test is a screening measure that can help you determine whether you might have borderline personality disorder that requires professional help. Take this test to find out if you have anger issues. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 4, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-017-0076-2, 5 Biskin R. S. (2015). About 1.4% of adults in the U.S. have BPD1, and it is estimated that around 75% of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are women.2 However, more recent research suggests that BPD may be equally as common in men, but is often misdiagnosed as another disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression, says Simon A. Rego, PsyD, chief psychologist at Montefiore Medical Center and Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, both in New York City. However, BPD can be difficult to diagnose in a clinical setting because the symptoms may fluctuate on a daily or weekly basis. Please read each question carefully, and indicate how often you have experienced the same or similar challenges in the past few weeks. I question if I know who I am and what makes me me. Im unsure of my identity and values. Abstract No. Common symptoms of BPD can include an unstable self-image, distorted perception of relationships, and challenges regulating emotions and behaviors. (E.g, I call someone to hear that they care; I literally beg people not to leave me). I go to great lengths to get reassurance from people close to me that they wont abandon me. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for the personality disorders, Measuring the shadows: A systematic review of chronic emptiness in borderline personality disorder, The lifetime course of borderline personality disorder. Take our short online borderline personality disorder test to find out if you're living with borderline personality disorder. BPD affects a person's ability to regulate (control) their emotions. Hi, I'm Juliette. What triggers a person with borderline personality disorder? Please try again. I engage in self-harm (cutting, punching, burning, etc.) It includes an unstable intense relationship. Only a healthcare or mental health professional can accurately diagnose a mental health condition. If you have BPD, everything in life can feel unstable and your anger, impulsiveness, mood swings, and distorted self-image can make it difficult to manage your emotions or build close, fulfilling relationships. This quiz is not diagnostic and is for informational purposes only. Only a mental health professional can do a full assessment and make an official diagnosis. Association of Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria With Suicide Attempts Among US Adults. Yes, if you are working with a mental health clinician through an online platform. Get a free issue and free ADDitude eBook, plus save 42% off the cover price. Some researchers think that there may be biological, psychological, and social/environmental factors that predispose women to BPD, says Simon A. Rego, PsyD, chief psychologist at Montefiore Medical Center and Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, both in New York City. Eating Disorder Test: Do I Have an Eating Disorder? And these shifting feelings can lead to intense and unstable relationships. BPD symptoms, she says, often appear during periods of extreme stress, usually involving interpersonal events. Answer the following 10 questions to the best of your ability, scoring 1 point for each Yes answer, 0 points for each No answer. BPD affects a person's ability to regulate (control) their emotions. Do I have gender dysphoria? https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x18_Personality_Disorders, Kulacaoglu, Filiz, and Samet Kose. If you or someone you love struggles with Borderline Personality Disorder or related issues and you're looking for mental health care in Tennessee, complete our online verification form and one of our care coordinators will contact you to help you determine next steps and find treatment. If you answer "yes" to a few of these questions, consider speaking to a mental health professional. Quiet BPD isnt an official clinical diagnosis but is instead considered a subtype of BPD. What Causes Borderline Personality Disorder? This online, free, and confidential Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) quiz assesses whether you display BPD-like traits. Do a search to find all therapists in your area. The Lifetime Course of Borderline Personality Disorder. Keep in mind that the results of this test do not mean you have BPD. Is your relationship based in love or lust? This quiz is designed to help you find out what kind of parent you are or may be. Wondering how your self-esteem measures up? All About Borderline Personality Disorder, Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Symptoms of BPD often begin to manifest themselves during one's teenage years, slowly getting worse as time goes by. What Is Borderline Personality Disorder? Take the Quiz This test can help. All rights reserved. BPD Diagnosis Do You Have Borderline Personality Disorder? If you have borderline personality disorder, you may often feel intense emotions and have trouble controlling your behavior as a result. National Institute of Mental Health. Connect with your counselor by video, phone, or chat. THIS TOOL DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. It is also separate from feeling hopeless or lonely. Click here to open this test in a new window. Common symptoms of BPD can. Borderline Personality Disorder is an unstable mental condition; people struggle to control their emotions, unstable relationships and experience a distorted sense of self. Are you impulsive In ways that are potentially self-damaging? Its not designed to diagnose BPD or take the place of a professional diagnosis. 8. Get hand-picked resources and highlights from our Mighty community straight to your inbox. Are you highly reactive and prone to rapid and intense mood swings? You can take this test to find out. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.6.568.25355, APA Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders SCID-5-PD. Accessed November 9, 2022. https://www.appi.org/structured_clinical_interview_for_dsm-5_personality_disorders_scid-5-pd. This test is not intended as a diagnostic tool. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Test Take our BPD quiz to answer questions that relate to life experiences and symptoms common among people who have borderline personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder. People with BPD experience chronic mood disturbances with depressed mood, suicidal ideation, and severe social difficulties. Take our quiz to find out your sleep chronotype. The disorder mainly affects the mood of an individual and may cause lots of behavioral issues if proper care is not taken. Only a licensed mental health professional can diagnose BPD. All rights reserved. If you think you have borderline personality disorder (BPD), this short, confidential BPD self-assessment test can help you recognize your symptoms so that you can seek treatment if necessary. 6. Marked instability in self-image or sense of self 4. Psych Centrals quizzes and self-assessments are not intended to be used as a diagnostic tool. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.008, 4 Robitaille, M. P., Checknita, D., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Paris, J., & Hodgins, S. (2017). Can J Psychiatry. It's easy, affordable, and convenient. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition marked by extreme fluctuations in mood, instability in interpersonal relationships, and impulsivity. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe, complex illness that is marked by frequent mood changes, an unstable self-image and intense, unbalanced relationships. Borderline Personality Disorder and Cheating, Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment, Borderline Personality Disorder Statistics, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox. Do you have a history of unstable and chaotic relationships? (Optional) Would you like to receive your ADD symptom test results plus more helpful resources via email from ADDitude? Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by severe emotional dysregulation, often resulting in unstable interpersonal relationships, hypersensitivity to rejection, distorted self-image, marked impulsivity, and self-harming behaviors. This online screening is not a diagnostic tool. What does it feel like to have borderline personality disorder? With over 25,000 licensed counselors, BetterHelp has a therapist that fits your needs. You can take the sleep quiz to help you measure the quality of your sleep and help you better understand if you may have any sleep problems. Mind Diagnostics, sponsors, partners, and advertisers disclaim any liability, loss, or risk incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, from the use and application of these screens. This borderline personality disorder test above aims to question these signs and symptoms via a self-assessment or quiz where you may feel most comfortable. Do you have a Type A or Type B personality? According to the DSM-V, if you possess five or more of the nine BPD symptoms outlined in this quiz, it may be an indication you have the condition. 11 (December 1, 2011): 125360. Source:MacLean Screening Instrument for BPD (MSI-BPD). Since you do not, you're fine. Borderline personality disorder. You can take our quiz to find out. Since you chose close to five symptoms, there is cause for concern. Criteria for a diagnosis of BPD include impulsivity in at least two areas that are seen as self-damaging. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): In the Midst of Vulnerability, Chaos, and Awe. Brain Sciences 8, no. Author: Forrest Pulley Created Date . This is the standard resource used by healthcare providers to diagnose mental health disorders. Do I Have DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)? 2 (April 2021): 28898. Take our online assessment to determine if your child may have symptoms of ADHD. Everything to Know About Living With Borderline Personality Disorder. By Nancy Schimelpfening If your answers were more of a 'yes', then it is likely that you are showing symptoms of High-Functioning Borderline Personality Disorder Test. There are treatment options for people with BPD that can lessen symptoms and improve your quality of life. Our quiz can help you determine whether you have PMDD. Someone with BPD may struggle to regulate their emotions and may make harmful decisions due to these extreme feelings. What Is Quiet Borderline Personality Disorder? Using his work, we created a short five-question quiz so you can determine what type of BPD you have. There, youll also find thoughts and questions by our community. Have you made desperate efforts to avoid feeling abandoned or being abandoned (for example: repeatedly called someone to reassure yourself that they still cared, begged them not to leave you, clung to them physically). According to the DSM-V, if you possess five or more of the nine BPD symptoms outlined in this quiz, it may be an indication you have the condition. DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria for the personality disorders. Do You Have Borderline Personality Disorder? https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.9389, Tags: diagnosing adults, personality disorders, self-test. I'm inspired every day by the brave vulnerability of our community. Common symptoms include: Sustained effort to avoid real or imaginary abandonment Pattern of unstable relationships, alternating between idealization and devaluation Frequent emotional swings 11 (November 18, 2018): 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8110201, Angstman, Kurt, and Norman H. Rasmussen. 3 Women are more likely to be diagnosed with BPD than . And recovery is possible. 7. Based on your results, you're far from BPD, but there are some indications of a mental health problem. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental health issue that involves difficulties regulating mood and emotions. Our free Big 5 personality test measures your personality. Our quiz can help you determine whether you might have symptoms of an eating disorder. It is diagnosed through a clinical interview with a licensed mental health professional, explains Simon A. Rego, PsyD, chief psychologist at Montefiore Medical Center and Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, both in New York City. Here are some options and how you can take that first step. First Name * Last Name * Email * Phone Paragraph Text I find it difficult to trust other people and their intentions. You may have noticed emotional instability has led you to have extreme reactions to abandonment, including panic, depression and rage. Try to take your time and answer truthfully for the most accurate results. Our mission is to provide empowering, evidence-based mental health content you can use to help yourself and your loved ones. Call 911 if you or someone you know is in immediate danger. Your trusted nonprofit guide to mental health & wellness. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) can affect every aspect of a person's life because it affects how someone views themselves and behaves around other people. If you've been averse to seeking help before, consider this your wake-up call. Mental health disorders can only be diagnosed by a licensed mental health professional or doctor. This is called affective instability and may cause a person to experience extreme episodes of: BPD can create a chronic feeling of emptiness inside. Sex Addiction Test: Do I Have a Sex Addiction? 2005-2023 Psych Central a Red Ventures Company. Do you lie so often that it's become a habit? Oops! Find out if you have Borderline Personality Disorder. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 41(4), 561573. Have you deliberately hurt yourself physically (for example: punched yourself, cut yourself, burned yourself)? You can take our test to find out whether you're being gaslighted in your relationships. You can take our quiz to find out. This does not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in criterion 5. Extreme reactions to abandonment are common among those with BPD By Nancy Schimelpfening Updated on February 04, 2020 1. It is characterized by strong emotions and impulsive behavior. Authors: Lawrence Robinson and Melinda Smith, M.A. If you suspect that you have symptoms of BPD, answer the questions below and share the results with a licensed mental health professional who is experienced in diagnosing and treating psychiatric disorders. Our free Borderline Personality Disorder evaluation is 10 questions long and will probably take less than 5 minutes to finish. For each statement, indicate how much you agree or disagree. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. You probably also know that in order to get a BPD diagnosis, you have to meet five of the nine diagnostic criteria. Unfortunately, we cannot accept TennCare at this time. Quiz: Do I Have Symptoms of Schizophrenia? Do you suspect that you may be suffering from BPD? Kerry Boyle D.Ac., M.S., L.Ac., Dipl. You can take our quiz to find out. If you believe you have some symptoms of BPD, reach out to a mental health professional. Privacy This borderline personality disorder test may help explain why your relationships are turbulent, why you fall in and out of love very quickly, and why your behaviour, at times, is very impulsive. A physical exam or bloodwork may also be done to rule out other health conditions that could be causing your symptoms. Complete the following to get an assessment on the likelihood that you or a loved one is displaying symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Only a trained medical professional, such as a doctor or mental health professional, can help you determine the next best steps for you. Do you think someone you know may have autism? What type of BPD did you get? However, because borderline personality disorder can be confused with other disorders, such as bipolar disorder, unfortunately, getting the correct diagnosis can take some time, he explains. In 2002,John M. Oldham, M.D., who has studied BPD extensively, proposed a theory of five different types to simplify the combinations. You can take our quiz to find out. Treating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Based on your results, however, you don't seem to have a serious mental health condition like borderline personality disorder (BPD). Our test can help you determine whether you might have social anxiety disorder. The test is brief and free. We look at the symptoms, causes, and treatments, along with some resources that can help. What Is the McLean Screening Instrument for BPD? Psych Central does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Are you depressed? There is a psychological defense mechanism that tries to protect someone from an unmanageable feeling of conflict that might emerge In a relationship. Have you frequently felt unreal or as if things around you were unreal? (2013). BPD is often confused or overlaps with other conditions, so you need a mental health professional to evaluate you and make an accurate diagnosis. The first step is getting an accurate diagnosis. Are you prone to rage or unable to control your temper? There are nine criteria symptoms of BPD. Our content does not constitute a medical or psychological consultation. Thats a lot of variation for one diagnosis! 2015;60(7):303-308. doi:10.1177/070674371506000702. How about often acted in an angry or sarcastic manner? Apps, podcasts, YouTube channels we've compiled the 9 best online guided meditation options. Other core symptoms include an unstable self-image, impulsivity (acting or reacting without thinking first), and unstable interpersonal relationships. Moods may change quickly, often, and intensely, generally In response to interpersonal stress. You can take our test to find out whether you're a left-brain or right-brain . We're unpacking the Four Horseman of the. MS. Great quiz. If this sounds like you, it may be time to seek a therapist and discuss treatment options like cognitive behavioral therapy. The Eating Attitudes Test can help you see if you have an eating disorder. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1201/p1253.html, Zimmerman, Mark, and Caroline Balling. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Take our test to find out whether you're happy and how happy you are. We examined theory-informed predictors of young-adult BPD (a) diagnosis and (b) dimensional . There is no definitive test to diagnose borderline personality disorder (BPD). Do you have a paranoid personality disorder? If you feel concerned about your mental health, it's probably best to seek a therapist. This schizophrenia test helps you learn if you have any symptoms. Examples of scenarios in this assessment include: This quiz is based on the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x18_Personality_Disorders, https://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1201/p1253.html, https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.6.568.25355, https://www.appi.org/structured_clinical_interview_for_dsm-5_personality_disorders_scid-5-pd, Helping Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder. Online-Therapy.com is a complete toolbox of support, when you need it, on your schedule. If you do the math (which weve done for you dont worry! High-Functioning Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Self-Test & Guide When it comes to mental health disorders, borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often misunderstood. Do you have feelings of emptiness that you cannot shake? You can take our test and find out your emotional intelligence (EQ) score. Are you an empath? Keep in mind that not all BPD traits are outwardly expressed and it is possible to have symptoms that are directed more inward and may go unnoticed by others around you. The questions below relate to life experiences common among people who have borderline personality disorder. An individual who might seem a friend one day may be considered an enemy or a traitor the next. Our quiz can help you determine whether you have depression. An unstable self-image or sense of self is common with BPD. Measuring the shadows: A systematic review of chronic emptiness in borderline personality disorder. Read our. But you did choose to take this quiz for a reason. Do you have persistent fears of being abandoned? You can take this quiz to track your moods and determine if you may have mania. Take our test to find out whether you may have insomnia. If you or a loved one is in immediate danger, call 911. Extreme reactions to abandonment are common among those with BPD. It appears you entered an invalid email. The lifetime course of borderline personality disorder. Only a trained medical professional, such as a doctor or mental health professional, can accurately diagnose mental health conditions. September 2019 It is designed to screen for the possibility of BPD, and it is for personal use only. See a certified medical or mental health professional for diagnosis. Five of the nine criteria must be met in order for BPD to be formally diagnosed by a mental health professional. Ready to start therapy? Take this test to find out if you may be a compulsive liar. All rights reserved. Please note: Our screens are for adults only. Some people may dismiss these symptoms as shifts in mood or attribute them to outside, environmental . Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. It is important to remember that online tools are helpful, but are not a . 1 American Psychiatric Association. PMDD Quiz: Do I Have Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, Am I in Love? What to Expect From A First Therapy Session, Forgiveness: How to Let Go of Hurt So You Can Feel Better in 11 Steps, Happy Birthday Psycom: The 10 Most Meaningful Advances in Mental Health Since 1996, Am I "Normal"? 2. #CheckInWithMe and share what youre going through were here for you. I'm the Mental Health Editor here at The Mighty. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 60(7), 303308. Do you have difficulty controlling your temper? How Long Does Alcohol Stay In Your System. Living with the symptoms of BPD can be challenging, but with the right treatment plan you can reduce your symptoms and live a happy and stable life. BPD, especially if untreated, is highly distressing and impairing. | This takes most people about 5 minutes to complete. Screening for Borderline Personality Disorder With the McLean Screening Instrument: A Review and Critique of the Literature. Journal of Personality Disorders 35, no. There are many types of personality disorders, and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is one of the most common. These medically-reviewed assessments are designed to help you assess your well-being and determine if you may benefit from a consultation with a professional. How to Get Your Mental Health Checked, Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment; this does not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in criterion 5, A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation, Markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. Do I have antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)? This Borderline Personality Disorder Test (BPD test) can help determine whether you might have the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). There can be overlap between the symptoms of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. BPD Symptoms, Treatments & Causes, What Is a Personality Disorder? Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. 1 2 About 1.6% of the population has BPD. Only a trained medical professional, like a healthcare or mental health professional, can accurately diagnose a mental health condition. Symptoms of Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic & Other PDs, When Women Battle ADHD and Borderline Personality Disorder, Understanding Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. What proportion of people with borderline personality disorder are women? We suggest you contact the Mental Health Cooperative or calling them at 866-816-0433. v (615) 320-1155 f (615) 320-1177MondayFriday 7:00AM6:00PMNashville220 Athens WaySuite 104Nashville, TN 37228Franklin341 Cool Springs BoulevardSuite 140Franklin, TN 37067Murfreesboro1639 Medical Center ParkwaySuite 202Murfreesboro, TN 37129Hendersonville109 Hazel PathSuite 4Hendersonville, TN 37075Clarksville775 Weatherly DriveSuite FClarksville, TN 37043MemphisNow Open!8000 Centerview ParkwaySuite 114Cordova, TN 38018KnoxvilleComing Soon! It's important to note: These results are not a diagnosis and this quiz is not a diagnostic tool. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Do you think you may have traits of the dark triad personality? What are the criteria for borderline personality disorder? You. Four Temperaments Test: Whats My Temperament? I worry that loved ones family, friends, and romantic partners are on the verge of rejecting me. Have you engaged in suicidal behavior or self-mutilation? This test will give you some idea about how much stress you're dealing with in your life right now. According to the DSM-V, if you possess five or more of the nine BPD symptoms outlined in this quiz, it may be an indication you have the condition. Things around me feel unreal. You can use our brief screening measure to determine if you might need help. By participating you acknowledge that the screen is not a diagnostic instrument and is only to be used by you if you are 18 years or older. This unstable self-image can lead to problems understanding who you are in relation to other people. Results of High-Functioning Borderline Personality Disorder Test. Borderline personality disorder shows up in your moods, self-image, and relationships. A borderline personality disorder is a mental illness that usually begins in the early 20s. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). Since 1998, millions of parents and adults have trusted ADDitude's expert guidance and support for living better with ADHD and its related mental health conditions. Our test can help you determine whether you may have symptoms of PTSD. Taking a borderline personality disorder (BPD) test can help you better understand this condition. Love or Lust Relationship Quiz. Remember that this online screening is not a diagnostic tool. Do I have ADHD? What is your emotional type? Understanding your symptoms is the first step to overcoming. Ideally you'll have the loved one complete the test themselves and take the results to a doctor or licensed professional. BPD is diagnosed based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Your subscription could not be saved. 633 Umatilla Blvd If you're feeling depressed or have suicidal thoughts, you should seek a therapist immediately. Read:Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often misunderstood. Take this borderline personality disorder (BPD) test to see how your symptoms compare to those of this Cluster B personality disorder.